movements
Due to the shoulder's ball and socket type joint, there are many possible movements about the shoulder joint. This gives the shoulder complex a huge range of motion and makes it a very versatile joint.
Flexion/Extension, Adduction/abduction
Flexion - Movement of the arm through the saggital plane that raises the arm.
Extension - Movement of the arm through the saggital plane that lowers the arm.
Adduction - Movement of the arm through the frontal plane that lowers the arm.
Abduction - Movement of the arm through the frontal plane that raises the arm.
Source: Tim Derrick, Kin 480, ISU, 2013
Horizontal adduction/abduction
Horizontal Adduction - With arm extended at a 90 degree angle with the trunk, moving the arm medially toward the body.
Horizontal Abduction - With the arm extended at a 90 degree angle with the trunk, moving the arm laterally away from the body.
Source: Tim Derrick, Kin 480, ISU, 2013
external/internal rotation
External rotation - With the elbow flexed, turning your forearm so that your hand points away from the midline.
Internal rotation - With the elbow flexed, turning your forearm so that your hand crosses over your body and toward the other arm.
Source: Tim Derrick, Kin 480, ISU, 2013
Scapular Motion
Depression - Downward movement of the scapula.
Elevation - Upward movement of the scapula.
Retraction - Shoulder blade moves toward the midline.
Protraction - Shoulder blade moves away from the midline.
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